Introduction: The implementation of the forest restoration plan in the northern region of Iran has led to an increase in efforts to enhance wood production through the cultivation of poplar seedling. Particularly, poplar trees hold a significant position among wood producers due to their distinctive features. The key consideration revolves around identifying suitable and cost-effective LANDs for planting fast-growing species. Purpose of this study focuses on assessing the LAND SUITABILITY for poplar (Populus nigra L.), a prevalent forest species in the country, through a quantitative LAND EVALUATION method based on the FAO approach. Material and Methods: The research gathered and classified the edaphic and climatic requirements of poplar tree by utilizing various library resources, data from the soil laboratory of the Research Institute of Forests and RangLANDs, and field survey (Soil Profiles). The climatic and soil characteristics were quantitatively classified into five categories: highly suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), low/critically suitable (S3), The Quantitative Classification of soil and climate properties was done in five classes: suitable (S1), moderate SUITABILITY (S2), low or critical SUITABILITY (S3), currently not suitable (N1) and permanent not suitable (N2). For validation, a quantitative assessment of LAND SUITABILITY for poplar cultivation was performed across six soil types, including Nowshahr forest brown, Nowshahr gray brown pedzolic rich in organic matter, Chamestan alluvial regosol, Chamestan Rendezina, Chalous  Pseudogley , and Karaj alluvial cambisol, using a parametric method (second root). Findings: Results indicate that spruce thrives in wet and semi-humid regions in a dry-type manner, with ideal conditions found in areas receiving 1500-1800 mm of rainfall. In drier, semi-arid zones, irrigation is essential for meeting water requirements. Optimal growth temperatures for spruce range from 11-16 degrees Celsius in moderate climates. Poplar flourishes in soils with a light to medium texture, granular or cubic structure, good to fast drainage, and low underground water levels with adequate calcium and magnesium cations. Conclusion: The study showed that the most suitable soils for poplars have a light to medium texture with a granular or crumb structure, with adequate drainage, the absence of high groundwater and the sufficient amount of calcium and magnesium cations in the soil. Soils with incomplete drainage and heavy texture do not provide suitable conditions for poplar plantations. In terms of quantitative EVALUATION, Mollic Udifluvents soils with medium texture had the highest score for poplar plantations.

Rapid growth of urbanization and increase of population in the recent decades along reactive planning (in sense of urban planning after occurrence of crises and urban challenges, not before occurrence of crises) of urban districts and metropolitan in order to serve desirable services to citizens and the peoples going to cities and extent them, has encountered a problem. In this research, by using the multi criteria techniques and analytic hierarchy process of geo – environmental EVALUATION for urban LAND planning with use of geographical information system of zone of 22 has been used. according to this research, effective criteria of LAND SUITABILITY of LAND planning is divided in to 9 criteria, slop, height, geology, LAND use, LAND unit, distance from river, distance from fault, distance from road. the 5 main LAND uses are high rise building, multistory building, low rise building natural conservation, recreate. the results show that the results show that 19. 3 percent area of zone is suitable for high rise building, and 15. 28 percent suitable for low rise building. the spatial distribution is of these zones is from north to south and southeast. Suitable area for natural conservation is about 17. 6 percent, and 23. 33 percent area appropriated for recreation. The conformity of existing building with the SUITABILITY maps for the 5 main LAND uses shows that there are some areas of conformity, but in the other areas, there is unconformity.

Introduction: In LAND SUITABILITY EVALUATION using parametric method, Khiddir or square root method (LQSI) and/or Storie method (LSI) are employed to calculate LAND index (LI), then SUITABILITY classes could be determined based on the LI. However, the obtained LI should be corrected according to the minimum rating (Rmin) and then the SUITABILITY classes should be determined. The existing functions to correct the LI should be mathematically continuous at all points in order to prevent from losing some LIs and their consequent SUITABILITY classes. In the functions represented by Sys, there is a continuity for S1 (suitable), S2 (moderately suitable) and S3 (marginal suitable) classes, but for N (unsuitable) the presented functions are not continuous. Therefore, presented functions for N1 and N2 classes can be very misleading since they are not able to distinguish between N1 and N2 classes and have problem to calculate them. Materials and Methods: In this study, the existing functions in the literature were mathematically evaluated for each LAND SUITABILITY classes. Properties and criteria for determining LAND SUITABILITY classes are shown in Table1. In parametric approach, LAND index (uncorrected LAND index) is calculated using Kiddir and Storrie methods as shown in equations 1and 2, respectively. The relationships between uncorrected LAND indices and corrected LAND indices are presented in Table 2. According to continuity rules, the necessary corrections were made for N1 and N2 classes. Then numerical simulation was employed to assess the obtained results from the both existing and purposed functions and compared them with one another. For this purpose, one million random values were created for each of the S1 to N2 classes,so that the minimum rating (Rmin) was a random number for each class in own defined range and the other seven characteristics were random numbers between Rmin and 100. For example, in the S3 class, a minimum random number is in the range of 40 to 60 and seven other characteristics were between the Rmin and 100. Finally, a total of two million random simulations were created. Results and Discussion: Based on the minimum, maximum and mean obtained values the simulation process is acceptable. These numbers show that the simulations have simulated almost all the cases that may occur in reality, from the best to the worst. The results showed that for N1 and N2 classes the correction functions should be respectively 12. 5 + 0. 314LQSI and 0. 5LQSI for the Khiddir method and 12. 5+ 0. 313LSI and 0. 5LSI for the Storie method to maintain the both the continuity of the correction functions for all classes and the corrected LAND index to be in the defined range for each class. The two million times simulation results also confirmed the accuracy of the obtained functions Therefore, it is suggested to use the proposed functions in determining N1 and N2 classes instead of Sys’, s functions. Conclusion: The use of the usual LAND index, which is conventionally calculated by the Khiddir or Storie method, called uncorrected LAND index (UCLI), can be largely misleading without being corrected and converted to the corrected LAND index (CLI), causing the wrong LAND SUITABILITY classes. Therefore, it is very important to use the relationships that have been developed for this purpose to correct the usual LAND index. The findings of this study showed that the current functions, although at the order level can distinguish between unsuitable order (N) from the S3 class, but separation between classes N1 and N2 are very difficult to calculate. For this reason, new relationships for N1 and N2 classes were calculated and presented. Therefore, it is suggested that N1 and N2 classes can be used instead of the relationships presented.

The need for optimum use of LAND has never been greater than at present, because of very rapid population growth. Although soil survey and LAND classification in Iran has a rather long history, but most of the time it has been used for LAND SUITABILITY EVALUATION in order to help LAND developers and agriculturists. The aim of this study is soil classification, EVALUATION and determination of LAND qualitative and economic SUITABILITY for sugarbeet in Ghazvin province. The studied sites were selected based on semi-detailed soil survey report of this area prepared by "soil and water research institute". The studied area, located between 50° 1'E and 50°5 'E altitude, and 36°6 'N and 36° 13 'N longitude with 4054 ha area. Representative profiles of five soil series were studied and the corresponded samples were collected for physical and chemical and mineralogical experiments. After soil classification and experiments results, LAND SUITABILITY classes were determined according to " FAO system of LAND EVALUATION for special crops", with simple limitation method and parametric method. In next step, after collection of economic data including costs and income, the economic SUITABILITY classes were assessed based on gross profit per hectar for crop. The qualitative LAND SUITABILITY classes for sugarbeet are S2, S3 and N.      

Qualitative LAND SUITABILITY EVALUATION for Sunflower and Soybean was carried out on 20.000 hec LANDs of Damavand region.The stages to this research are: Soil Survey, Soil sampling, Laboratory analysis of soil samples, Collection of Climatic farming System for Selected Crops, Soil SUITABILITY mapping in GIS system, and EVALUATION of qualitative LAND SUITABILITY for LAND Utilization types in the study Area. The Soils of the region were classified according to Soil Taxonomy (USDA1999).The Soils mainly separated into two orders: Entisols and Inceptisols.Qualitative EVALUATION was carried out according to both simple limitation and parametric approaches by comparing climate, topography and soil characteristic to crop requirements. Qualitative EVALUATION of LANDs data’s from detailed soil Survey studies and Climatological figures and Topography Characteristics were used as the physical parameters, and simple limitation with Compared requirements of using the standard and rating tables of sys and parametric methods proposed by FAO in 1976. Results of qualitative LAND EVALUATION indicated that the climatic characteristics causes limitation of %37.52 and %43.77 respecting for Sunflower-Soybean growth and production in the research area some soil characteristics and topography are limiting factors too.For All production, the main limiting factors include percentage of calsium. For sunflower: the limiting factors include Coarse fragment and Relief and PH.For soybean: the limiting factors include Coarse fragment and Relief.

Background and Objectives: LAND EVALUATION is a very important link in the chain that leads to sustainable management of LAND and soil resources. Exploitation of LANDs according to their capabilities, in addition to meeting the needs of the present and future generations, also maintains the ecological balance of the earth. Analyzing the SUITABILITY of LAND by using a variety of factors affecting the quantitative and qualitative production of products and examining the intricacies of their relationships with each other, as well as simultaneously with LAND use analysis, is one of the most useful applications of spatial information systems in agricultural LAND management. Many methods have been developed since the presentation of the FAO framework for LAND SUITABILITY assessment, and some of them are still widely used. In the present study, the qualitative assessment of LAND SUITABILITY using geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria EVALUATION (MCE) for three strategic crops of wheat, barley and rice was investigated in four study areas in northern Iran.Methods: In order to implement the proposed model, data related to soil characteristics, climate data, topography data, geological map and LAND cover map were collected. Among the collected data, temperature plays an important role in determining the SUITABILITY of LAND for agricultural products, spatial patterns of rainfall are important for assessing water availability, and the slope of the LAND has a great impact on drainage, the amount of light received from the sun and, consequently, the required energy. It has plants to grow. Then, according to the climatic diversity in the north of Iran and the diverse set of crops that are grown in this region, appropriate criteria were selected. The selected criteria are: soil type, temperature, precipitation, slope and geological parameters. In order to assign weight to each of the criteria and intensify their effect in the LAND SUITABILITY assessment stage, a weight assignment process was carried out. This weight allocation was done by experts. Each criterion was evaluated based on its effect on the cultivation of different crops in this area and the weight of each layer was determined. Finally, a detailed examination of the results and analysis of SUITABILITY of LAND for agriculture in the studied areas was carried out.Findings: The analysis of the results of the geospatial information system showed that the west of Gilan Province is an ideal place for rice cultivation, but this area has challenges for barley and wheat cultivation. Relatively good scores for all three crops, wheat, barley and rice in the east of Gilan Province showed that this area is prone to growing diverse crops. The center of Mazandaran Province did not get good points for the cultivation of wheat, barley and rice crops. Also, the center of Golestan Province was determined as a very suitable place for wheat and barley cultivation.Conclusion: In conclusion, the areas with a relatively suitable score provide facilities for diversifying the cultivation methods, which increases flexibility and reduces the risks associated with market fluctuations and climate changes. Also, in areas with a low SUITABILITY score, the role of environmental protection and sustainable LAND management practices is important. From another dimension, the classification of LAND SUITABILITY allows the policy makers and managers of the agricultural sector to allocate resources correctly and optimally. For future research, it is suggested to analyze the time series of satellite data using deep learning models.

ABSTRACT LAND conflicts are possible when the multiple needs of several LAND-uses overlap in space and cannot be coordinated. Within the Mashhad urban complex's boundaries, urbanization has taken up quality environmental spaces and resulted in the fragmentation and degradation of agricultural and environmental resources. The optimal use of LAND resources and sustainability depends on locating and resolving LAND use conflicts. This study looked into LAND-use conflicts from the perspective of LAND-use SUITABILITY. For this purpose, using the multi-criteria EVALUATION analysis, using natural, spatial, planning, and water resources indicators, LAND SUITABILITY for three agricultural, ecological, and residential uses was evaluated in three categories high, medium, and medium and low. Moreover, based on the combination of the SUITABILITY of three LAND-uses using the proposed model, the intensity of conflicts in three classes and the type of conflicts in twelve classes have been detected. In the following, the possibility of LAND changes is stated according to the type and intensity of each conflict. The results show that the percentage of LAND area with high ecological SUITABILITY has been lower compared to the other two LAND-uses. Also, the SUITABILITY of ecological LAND from the center of the area to the periphery increases with the increase in height. LAND SUITABILITY for residential use decreases as it moves away from cities and roads. The largest percentage of LAND in Mashhad urban complex is exposed to potential conflict with medium intensity of conflict; the most types of conflicts related to the severe and moderate conflict were agricultural and residential LANDs. The largest percentage of LAND in Mashhad urban complex is exposed to potential conflict with medium intensity; the most types of conflicts related to two types of severe and moderate conflict were agricultural and residential LANDs Extended Abstract Introduction LAND Use conflicts due to disorder development and misuse of LAND have been one of the negative consequences of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Early studies of LAND use conflict often used qualitative methods for analysis. Currently, the issue of LAND-use conflict has received more attention, and more advanced methods have been developed to identify and quantify it. The multi-criteria SUITABILITY EVALUATION model is a widely used method of recognizing LAND use conflicts. Even though many domestic types of research have been conducted regarding LAND-use SUITABILITY, there needs to be more research on the issue of LAND use conflicts at the regional level in Iran. Taking the Mashhad region, the main goal of this research is to identify the conflicts between ecological, agricultural, and construction LAND based on a multi-criteria SUITABILITY EVALUATION. LAND use conflict in this research is interpreted as if a plot is only suitable for a single function of LAND use; no LAND use conflict occurs. However, potential LAND-use conflict will arise when a plot is suitable for multiple LAND use functions. To achieve the research goal, we 1) constructed a multi-criteria SUITABILITY EVALUATION for ecological, agricultural, and construction LAND and 2) identified the types, levels, and distribution of potential LAND use conflicts.   Methodology To identify LAND use conflicts, 1) this paper constructed the index systems of SUITABILITY EVALUATION of three LAND-use categories; 2) the analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the weight of each EVALUATION factor and index; 3) all factors were reclassified from high to low in five levels and obtained a score of 100, 80, 60, 40, 20; 4) Linear weighting method was exerted to calculate the total score of each EVALUATION unit; 5) Natural breakpoint method was used to classify the SUITABILITY level of each LAND-use, 6) an empirical model carried out to identify LAND-use function conflict zones and LAND use function conflict degree.     Results and discussion The results show that the spatial distribution of LAND SUITABILITY for ecological and residential LAND-uses has followed a specific spatial alcove. LAND SUITABILITY for ecological LAND-use has increased from the center of the area (Mashhad metropolis) to the east and west with the increase in height and moving away from existing cities and roads. Conversely, LAND SUITABILITY for residential use has increased from the surrounding area to the interior. Regarding quantity, 86% of the area in Mashhad metropolitan city is at risk of potential conflicts. In this area, moderate conflict intensity is the most widely distributed one. The highest conflict intensity was related to moderate conflict intensity, with 62.7%. These high-potential conflict areas account for 23.4% of the total area, which will probably change into actual conflict. The agricultural-construction LAND conflict is the most widely intense conflict, which forms 18.5%. This type of conflict mostly occurred in the middle of the area and near Mashhad, Targaba, Shandiz, Chenaran, and Golbahar. In this type of conflict, agricultural LANDs are more likely to be converted into residential, industrial, and construction LANDs. Another type of extreme conflict ranked next in terms of extent is the conflict between agricultural and ecological LAND-use, which includes 4.5% of the LAND. This type of conflict is in parts of the surrounding areas, including the heights of Hezar Masjid and Binaloud. The possibility of converting these LANDs to agricultural LAND-use is very high. 12.9% of the grounds are known to be free of conflicts. These LANDs are only suitable for single LAND-use. Most of these LANDs are related to the dominance of construction LANDs (11.9%). The low conflict between the LAND-uses, which is the overlapping of the bare SUITABILITY area of ecological, agricultural, and construction LAND on each other, has rarely existed.   Conclusion Identifying potential LAND conflicts for predicting the direction of future LAND-use development and providing appropriate policies is a crucial issue that has attracted much attention worldwide. This research was done to identify LAND-use conflicts based on LAND SUITABILITY. For this purpose, LAND SUITABILITY for three agricultural, ecological, and residential uses was obtained using a multi-criteria EVALUATION method based on natural, spatial, management, and water resources indicators. LAND-use SUITABILITY is divided into three highly suitable, moderately suitable, and barely suitable areas. Then, by overlaying the three classes of each LAND use based on the proposed model, we obtained the type and the intensity of conflicts. The intensity of conflicts was obtained in three categories as severe, moderate, and non-conflict and the type of LAND conflicts were obtained in 12 categories, and the possibility of LAND use change in the future was predicted based on the intensity and type of existing conflicts. This research has limitations due to the unavailability of data, especially data related to water resources and population data, which may have influenced the results of LAND SUITABILITY. It is suggested that future researchers use more complete data to investigate LAND conflicts based on the LAND SUITABILITY model. Also, this research studied the conflicts based on the LAND SUITABILITY model, which has been one of the widely used methods for identifying LAND conflicts in studies; however, it is possible to use other methods, such as investigating LAND conflicts from the perspective of geography or environment.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific.

Use of new techniques to evaluate irrigation areas can enhance water use efficiency in agriculture. In this study, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy Process (FAHP) was used to qualitative LAND SUITABILITY for sprinkler irrigation and was compared with the parametric method. EVALUATION based on parametric method showed that an area of about 1597. 83 hectares (31%) of the LANDs was highly suitable (S1) and an area of about 787. 3 hectares (15%) was “ moderately suitable” (S2). About 2242. 9 hectares (43%) were marginally suitable (S3). Permanently inappropriate SUITABILITY included about 546. 91 hectares (11%). Inappropriate in present condition SUITABILITY matched no LAND in the study zone. Based on the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchical Process, there was not highly suitable (S1) area in the plain. The parts with S2 SUITABILITY also included an area of about 432. 96 hectares (8. 3%). Moreover, areas of about 3100. 98 hectares (59. 9%) were marginally suitable (S3). Some southwest and eastern parts of the plain were not currently suitable (N1) that included an area of about 1277. 68 hectares (24. 6%). N2 SUITABILITY was also observed in some southern in two parts including an area of about 363. 38 hectares (7%). Since about 31% of the LANDs were included as "highly suitable" areas based on the parametric method, and in contrast, there was no "highly suitable" areas in FAHP method, so considering the area of "highly suitable" shown that there was a significant difference between the two methods in terms of "highly suitable" LAND EVALUATION. Considering the gradual changes in soil properties, FAHP EVALUATION has higher accuracy than the ordinary parametric method in evaluating LAND SUITABILITY.